Judging Butterfield
In The Invention of Science, David Wootton takes a whack at strawman Herbert Butterfield, as follows:
"In 1931 he had published The Whig Interpretation of History... Butterfield argued... it was not the historian's job to praise those people in the past whose values and opinions they agreed with and criticize those with whom they disagreed; only God had the right to sit in judgment" (p. 21)
"It should be obvious that he was not right about this: no one, I trust, would want to read an account of slavery written by someone incapable of passing judgment" (p. 21n).
This is a silly caricature of what Butterfield thought. Consider the following quotes from The Whig Interpretation of History:
"There can be no complaint against the historian who personally and privately has his preferences and antipathies..."
"If he deals in moral judgements at all he is trying to take upon himself a new dimension, and he is leaving that realm of historical explanation..."
So Butterfield quite explicitly says that, far from being "incapable of passing judgment," it is fine for historians to pass judgments as human beings. Butterfield personally is just as capable of disliking slavery as Wootton. Butterfield's point is that the historian's job is to determine what happened in the past, and condemning or praising various participants in historical events is no part of that job. This is not essentially different from arguing that, as a doctor, it is not the doctor's job to pass judgment on the sick who appear before him, but to cure them. Once Stalin or Gandhi is cured, the doctor is free to disparage the first and praise the latter. One may agree or disagree with this idea, but it is far from the nonsense Wootton puts in Butterfield's mouth.
And I have looked up every reference to "God" in Butterfield's book, and he simply does not say anything like "only God had the right to sit in judgment." What he does say is that historians have a tendency to mistake their personal judgements (with which, as we have seen, Butterfield had no problem) with "the judgements of history," and then to conflate history with God. If we want to sum up what Butterfield meant here accurately, we might say that, while everyone has the right to his or her own judgements, only God has the right to ultimate and infallible judgement, and practicing the craft of history does not make one God.
See Butterfield, Chrisianity and History, chapter on Judgment in History, eg. p. 85: "In any case the judgment which lies in the structure of history gives none of us the right to act as judges over others, or to gloat over the misfortunes of the foreigner, or to scorn our neighbours as people under punishment. There is a sense in which all that we may say on this subject and all the moral verdicts that we may pass on human history are only valid in their application as self-judgments--only useful in so far as we bring them home to ourselves."
ReplyDeleteYes, such judgments are part of what Oakeshott called the "practical past," and are not the province of historians qua historians.
DeleteBy the way, you may have guessed I am reviewing your book, and these posts are my notes: in fact, I have high praise for your historical thesis, which has changed my mind about the "gradualist" case.